Painful menstrual periods, also known as dysmenorrhea, are a common problem for many women. While the exact cause of dysmenorrhea is not known, research suggests that it may be related to the body’s production of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene. BDNF is a protein that helps to regulate the growth and development of nerve cells in the brain. It is also involved in the regulation of hormones, including those related to the menstrual cycle. Studies have found that women with dysmenorrhea have lower levels of BDNF than those without the condition. The exact mechanism by which BDNF affects dysmenorrhea is not yet known. However, it is believed that lower levels of BDNF may lead to an imbalance in the hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle, resulting in painful periods. There are several ways to help manage dysmenorrhea. These include lifestyle changes such as exercising regularly, eating a healthy diet, and reducing stress. Additionally, some medications, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), can help reduce the pain associated with dysmenorrhea. In addition to lifestyle changes and medications, research suggests that increasing BDNF levels may help reduce the pain associated with dysmenorrhea. This can be done through exercise, as physical activity has been shown to increase BDNF levels. Additionally, certain supplements, such as omega-3 fatty acids, have been found to increase BDNF levels. Primary dysmenorrhea (PDM), the most prevalent menstrual cycle-related problem in women of reproductive age, is associated with negative moods. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a key role in the production of central sensitization and contributes to chronic pain conditions. BDNF has also been implicated in stress-related mood disorders. A small study screened and genotyped the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism (rs6265) in 99 Taiwanese (Asian 20 to 30 years old) and 101 age-matched healthy female controls. It found that there was a significantly higher frequency of the Met allele of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism in the PDM group. The data suggests the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism is a possible regulator of menstrual pain and pain-related emotions in Primary dysmenorrhea. While more research is needed to fully understand the role of BDNF in dysmenorrhea, it is clear that it plays an important role in the regulation of hormones and the menstrual cycle. Increasing BDNF levels through lifestyle changes and supplements may help reduce the pain associated with dysmenorrhea. However, it is important to speak to a healthcare professional before making any changes to your diet or lifestyle.